1. He speaks English and French fluently.
Fluently means ...
a. he has an American accent
b. his words flow easily
c. his French is better

2. When I was a freshman, I studied hard.
Freshman means ...
a. a first year university student
b. someone who isn't married
c. a man or woman who has ideas

3. The Kansai dialect is different from Kanto.
Dialect refers to the ...
a. kind of Japanese spoken by people in Kansai
b. Japanese which only foreigners speak
c. spoken Japanese which is never written

4. Variety is the spice of life.
Variety means ...
a. Indian curry is delicious
b. salt and pepper are dangerous
c. differences make life interesting

5. His explanation of the problem was very clear.
Explanation refers to ...
a. how angry he was
b. what he said
c. what he did

6. Charles's comment upset his girlfriend.
Upset means she ...
a. fell in love
b. became unhappy
c. wants a divorce

7. When he read the poem, the crowd was moved.
Moved tells us that ...
a. people left the room
b. some of the people fell asleep
c. people experienced strong feelings

8. Language has a lot of different aspects: thought, style, and so on.
Aspects means ...
a. reading, writing, speaking
b. looking at language in different ways
c. international communication

9. Reading and writing are okay, but let's put the emphasis on speaking.
Emphasis tells us that ...
a. reading and writing are useless
b. we should speak only American English
c. speaking is most important

10. The young girl is afraid of snakes.
Afraid means ...
a. the girl thinks snakes might hurt her
b. she should never enter a dark room
c. she cannot speak Snakelish

11. He had an opportunity to make a lot of money, but he was not interested.
Opportunity means he ...
a. didn't want to go to America
b. sold arms to Saddam Hussein
c. had a chance

12. He hesitates to speak to people he doesn't know.
Hesitates means ...
a. rush into something
b. a feeling of should I or should I not ...?
c. give up before trying something

"In our club there are people who speak English fluently," said the president of the E.S.S. at the welcoming party for freshmen. "And," he continued, "there is one man who can speak Kumalish well."

I wondered what Kumalish meant, so I asked our president to explain the term. "Oh! Kumalish ...? Ah, it's a kind of English. Correctly speaking, it is a form of English that has
the accent and flavor of the Kumamoto dialect." According to this explanation an associate of ours speaks this variety of English.

We freshmen tried to address him in our poor English. At first he spoke Kumalish in this way: "You with me talk?" In translation it means "Do you want to speak to me?" Naturally we laughed our heads off. Yet to our surprise, he replied in very good English.

We were very upset. Then he laughed at us, saying "language is for communicating, so if you can make yourself understood in your own way, then that is good enough!"

"When I was a student I was once forced to speak English at a crowded bus stop. An American asked me something that I couldn't catch. However, I had a guess as to what he might have said and asked, 'You Nishinomiya for?' in Kumalish. 'Oh! Yes! This bus, O.K.?' he answered. You see, I managed to communicate with him. Kumalish is also a respectable variety of English. It's a kind of passport."

We freshmen were moved by his words. We felt that he had come to speak English well because he put emphasis on the communicative aspect of language. The Japanese are said to be poor linguists but if we were to think like my associate, that the purpose of language is to understand and be understood, then we would be less afraid of making mistakes. And, in the course of time we would become better speakers.

We students should use every opportunity to speak English, especially to foreigners. We can only learn from our mistakes if we talk to native speakers. So don't hesitate to speak to foreigners in your own way - using your own English. Don't be ashamed of using Kyotolish (English with an accent of the Kyoto dialect), Osakalish, Tokyolish, Tohokulish, and, of course, Kumalish. This is what we feel we have learned from our fellow E.S.S. member, and we want to share it with you.

Incidentally, Kumalish is quite difficult for me because I speak Osakalish.

1. In the third paragraph, the meaning of "In translation it means ..."
a. changing bad English into good Japanese
b. changing good Japanese into good English
c. changing bad English into good English

2. The writer wants students to ...
a. mix English and Japanese
b. try to communicate
c. speak only bad English

3. Language can be used ...
a. only to communicate
b. to understand English only
c. also to prevent communication

4. The writer says Osakalish is ...
a. easier than Kumalish for him to speak
b. not a respectable variety of English
c. better than American English

"In our club there is people who speak English fluentry," said the president of the E.S.S. at the welcoming party for freshmen. "And," he continued, "there is one man who can speak Kumalish well."

I wondered what Kumalish meaned, so I asked our president too explain the term. "Oh! Kumalish ...? Ah, it's a kind of English. Correctly speaking, it is a form of English that has
the accent and flavor of the Kumamoto dialect." According to this explanation an asociate of ours speaks this variety of English.

We freshman tried to address him by our poor English. At first he spoke Kumalish in this way: "You with me talk?" In translation it means "Do you want to speak to me?" Naturally we laughed our heads off. Yet to our surprise, he replied in very well English.

We were very up set. Then he laughed at us, saying "language is for communicating, so if you can make yourself understood in your own way, then that is good enough!"

"When I was a student I was once forced to speak English at a crowded bus stop. An American asked me something that I couldn't catch. However, I had a guess as to what he might have said and asked, 'You Nishinomiya for?' in Kumalish. 'Oh! Yes! This bus, O.K.?' he answered. You see, I managed to communicate with him. Kumalish is also a respectable variety of English. It's a kind of passport."

We freshmen were moved to his words. We felt that he had come to speak English well because he put emphasis on the communicative aspect of language. The Japanese are said to be poor linguists but if we were to think like my associate, that the purpose of language is to understand and be understand, then we would be less afraid of make mistakes. And, in the course of time we would become better speaker.

We students should use ever opportunity to speak English, especialy to foreigners. We can only learn from our mistakes if we talk to native speakers. So dont hesitate to speak to foreigners in your own way - using your own English. Don't be ashamed of using Kyotolish (English with a accent of the Kyoto dialect), Osakalish, Tokyolish, Tohokulish, and, of course, Kumalish. This is what we feel we have learn from our fellow E.S.S. memver, and we went to share it with you.

Incidentally, Kumalish is quite difficult for me because I speak Osakalish.

次の質問に答えましょう。

1. What do you understand by Kumalish? What other varieties of -lish(es) are you familiar with?

2. What is one purpose of language? What are others?

3. Is language (English, Japanese, or any other) always used for the purpose of communication? Is not a language also used not to communicate, to prevent communication, to mislead, and so on? Comment.